The Ultimate Vampire Resource and Directory

Thanksgiving was good, I had my girl friend here to spend it with my kids and grandson the kids dad, I did all the cooking of course no one helped. But the food was good:)

We had yellow tail wine and mixed it wish orange juice it was so good.:)

Correllian Wicca - First Degree (South African Version)

L1



[ Correllian Wicca - First Degree (South African Version) | My Course Schedule ]



Always ask yourself “How would I feel if I were on the receiving end?” before you do anything that effects another, because in fact you will in time receive it back, for all things return to their source. But so long as you work with a pure heart and good intent, Karma will be your benefactor.



Magic and Psychism are words that describe two aspects of the same process - connecting to the higher self. The word psychic comes from the Greek Psyche (pro.; SI-kee) meaning soul or spirit, i.e.; the higher self. In magic we use this connection actively, to create a certain response in the world. In PSYCHISM we use the same connection passively, to receive information about the world. We also use the word psychic to describe the exercises we use to develop both these skills.



Magic is worked from the higher self. Everything that helps you to connect with your higher self helps magic. Regular meditation and psychic exercises are a valuable tool to strengthen that connection. The connection is like a muscle, and grows stronger with use. The more you do -even if at first you do not see success- the better you will get, and the easier it will be. Persistence is important.



In its opening stages the most important thing about magic is to concentrate -focus as much energy as you can into what you are doing. This is rather like wishing very, very hard. This level of concentration is always an aspect of magic, but later it will seem automatic and will not take such effort.



If you are visualizing, try to see what you are visualizing as clearly as possible. Make the image as concrete and three dimensional as you can. Visualization is one of the strongest aids to concentration.



Whatever magical working you are undertaking, by whatever method, try to put your whole being into it. The more of yourself you can put into the work, the more energy you can focus into it, the greater the effect it will have.











PSYCHIC HYGIENE



One of the most important aspects of magical working, which is equally important in every magical act you ever perform, is psychic hygiene. Psychic hygiene prevents energy from becoming blocked in your body, which can make it difficult to use energy properly. Every time you do a magical work you raise energy -that is you focus and direct energy. When you have finished you will still have excess energy left in your body, which must be released. You might think that retaining this excess energy would be good, but it is not - it clogs up and causes problems. Too much of this excess energy can cause serious problems. So always practice good psychic hygiene.



You can sometimes tell if you have excess energy after a ritual or magical working if you find yourself feeling lightheaded, or off balance, or disoriented. Sometimes also it will manifest as a feeling of hyperactivity, an inability to be still - literally a feeling of excess energy. But even if you feel nothing unusual, you may still have excess energy and make it a point to clear and release as a matter of course.



Another word for clearing and releasing excess energy is GROUNDING. You will find complete instructions for releasing in the EXERCISES section of this lesson. Make sure to read them.



Psychic hygiene is always important when you do magic or psychic work. You should cleanse and release both before you begin, and especially after you finish. But this is not the only time its important. Many people on a magical path tend to pick up energy from others -usually emotional energy. Such a people may find themselves picking up another person’s emotions, mood, or tension level, without knowing it. The same techniques of psychic hygiene can be used to release such “pick-ups” as well. Moreover, because we tend to pick up from others in this way, it is important to practice PSYCHIC SHIELDING. Psychic shielding basically strengthens your own boundaries, so that you do not pick up any energy you don’t want. Its good to practice psychic shielding regularly, even daily, as it helps to keep the AURA strong.











EXERCISES







The “Exercises” section of these lessons will be devoted to giving you a series of exercises or meditations intended to develop your psychic and magic skills. Again, psychism and magic are essentially the same thing, psychism being receptive of spiritual influences, magic using these same skills actively to achieve specific ends.



Psychic-magical ability is rather like a muscle, which grows stronger with use. The more you exercise your abilities, the more abilities you will develop.



In composing these lessons we have assumed that you know nothing, and are starting from scratch. We know that this is not true for all students, and that some will have already acquired considerable skill and ability. If you feel your level of skill is already far beyond these exercises, then think of them as a review of the basics, or perhaps a new view on the basics. Soon enough succeeding lessons will present you with more challenging exercises.



If you are starting from scratch and have never worked with these techniques before, practice them as much as possible. You should practice every day, and if it is possible for you, at the same time each day. If you cannot practice at the same time each day, it is good to try to do in the same part of the day -every morning, for example. This builds consistency and -believe it or not- really does make a difference to your progress.



How much you progress, and even whether you



progress, depends on you. The time and effort you put in are what will determine your growth in magical ability. Like anything else, practice makes perfect.



These exercises rely heavily on VISUALIZATION. Visualization is a very important magical technique. In magic our goal is to focus our energy very strongly toward the thing we want to bring about. When you visualize something, you imagine it very strongly, picturing it very clearly. When you first try visualizing, you may have to close your eyes and try very hard. It gets easier with practice, and later you will be able to do it with your eyes open. When you visualize something, try to see it as clearly and strongly as you possibly can, a 3-D image - just as if you were looking at a physical object.



This is because you are using the image, and the focus and concentration that go into it, to shape energy.

You are not idly imagining a pretty fantasy, but actually affecting the universe on an energetic level.



Some people find it difficult to visualize. If this is true for you, then try to imagine what the energy FEELS like, rather than just what it LOOKS like. But don’t stop trying to visualize, as your ability to do so will improve with time, and the skill is of great importance.











GOOD HABITS



As we have said, it is best to practice every day, to build skill. If at all possible it is best to practice at the same time each day. When you first begin to learn magic, it is best to practice on an empty stomach. You should wear loose, comfortable clothes, or even better no clothes at all, and you should select a comfortable position to work in. All of these things will help you to be psychically “open.”



It is good to light one or more candles before you do your exercise. The candles will act as “batteries”, giving you extra energy. When a flame burns, it gives off energy, which will aid you in your exercise. Quartz crystal also serves to amplify the energy in this way, so it can be good to have some nearby, or even hold it during the exercise.



Some people also like to use incense to help them shift their consciousness. Some good incenses to use are Sandalwood, or Frankincense, or Lavender. You can also use an essential oil. If you use oil, apply it to your forehead and the palms of your hands, as well as anywhere else you would like.



The first exercises you will learn are two of the most important basic practices you should know. These are PSYCHIC SHIELDING and GROUNDING AND RELEASING. These two techniques are the cornerstone of good magical practice, and their importance cannot be stressed too much.



In future lessons many other exercises will follow, but none are more important than these first two.











PSYCHIC SHIELDING



Psychic shielding is very important. Sometimes we “pick up” energy from other people, without knowing we are doing so. Their moods or emotions may “bleed over” onto us, leaving us feeling angry, sad, tired, depressed, or whatever they are feeling -and not knowing where this emotion came from. Also, sometimes people will deliberately send negative energy to us -even though that is a very bad thing which one should never do. Such negative energies cannot harm you, as long as you don’t let them in -but in daily life this is an unconscious process. To one skilled in magic and psychism however, this process under ones direct conscious control. With psychic shielding we set the boundaries which keep out unwanted energy from others, but simultaneously strengthen our own Aura, or energy, keeping it healthy.

COMMENTS

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BloomingDeath
09:49 Nov 06 2012

Nice to see a witchschool student on the rave

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LESSON I



MAGIC







MAGIC



Most people who have an interest in Wicca come to it first from an interest in magic. Therefore we will begin these lessons by talking about magic. Many people would say that magic is only a small part of the Wiccan religion, and in the sense of spellcraft, this is true. But in a broader sense everything about Wicca is magic, because Wicca is about transformation, creation, and spiritual growth -and this after all is what magic is all about. But what is magic, and how does it work?







THEORY



The Universe is composed of energy. Everything around you -everything you see and many things you don’t- are composed of energy.



You, too, are composed of energy. Your body, which seems so solid, is composed of endless numbers of microscopic particles held together at the sub-atomic level by energy.



Science has taught us this. But the Vedic sages of India have taught this too - for many thousands of years. In Europe the Druids, and after them the Witches, recognized this fact as well.







Even the most solid stone is in fact composed of millions and billions of atoms and molecules orbiting each other in the endless and graceful Dance of Life.



This is part of the meaning of that ancient maxim “AS ABOVE SO BELOW.” That just as we live in a vast universe filled with countless stars, so too whole universes of a different nature exist within us, within the microscopic make up of our being. Worlds within worlds.





The electro-magnetic energy which holds electrons and protons and other microscopic particles in place has had many names; Chi (Asia), Mana (Polynesia), Orenda (Iroquois), Od (German), the Force (Star Wars), and Psychic Energy (contemporary). For the purposes of these lessons we will call it simply “energy.”



Energy is not static or inanimate - it is responsive and dynamic in character. It is like a fluid in its movements, and is symbolically likened to water. Yet it is also likened to light and to fire because of its effects. In more contemporary times it has also been likened to an electric current in its qualities, though it is not so harsh or unpredictable as this. In truth energy is unique unto itself, and only by working with it can you come to understand it -comparisons to other substances give only a rough approximation of what it is like.



It is the shape this energy assumes that creates the pattern of the physical world we see around us - for all physical forms are structured from it.



We interact with this energy every day - in every second of our lives. It constantly transforms, renews, or changes its shape within and around us. This constant change responds to and is driven by our thoughts and emotions in ways of which most of us are unaware, and of which fewer still have any understanding. It takes its shape from us, in reaction to us, as instantly and naturally as air conforms to the surface of the Earth, or water to the shape of the sea floor.



But this is an unconscious process - we don’t think about it, we’re mostly unaware of it. For most of us this daily shaping of energy occurs from the level of our unconscious beliefs and emotions, as automatic and out of our control as our unconscious is itself. Often we do not even know what our unconscious beliefs and emotions really are, let alone how they effect us on an energetic level.



But when we bring our conscious mind and will power to bear on this process, it is a very different situation. Rather than an unconscious process out of our own control, the shaping of energy -and thus of the world itself- becomes a precise and deliberate skill which lies directly in our hands.



This is MAGIC. The art of consciously focusing and controlling this all-pervasive energy. Through focused will and effort we use the universal energy to effect the things around us. As energy reacts to thought and emotion, thought and emotion can be used to control or influence it. (Energy also reacts to certain physical stimuli, but we will deal less with that aspect than with thought and emotion -yoga is an excellent forum to study the influence of physical stimuli upon energy.)



It must be understood that it is not from the ordinary level of our conscious mind that we do this. If it were everyone would be doing it, and it would be easy to teach.



Rather, magic is done from a higher level of consciousness, the HIGHER SELF. Scientists studying psychics have found that when a person enters a psychic trance their brainwaves change. Psychics in trance do not use the normal beta waves associated with ordinary consciousness, but use instead the theta and delta waves associated with sleep. This is true of a person performing an act of magic as well - we access a higher part of ourselves, a change in consciousness which shows even in our very brain waves. Only at this level are we fully conscious, truly human.



It is not hard to reach this level - but it is hard to learn to do it at will, to be able to access it on command. This is called SHIFTING CONSCIOUSNESS, and an accomplished witch can do it in the twinkling of an eye, with no external effort or trappings. The student however should expect to put out some effort to effect this change in consciousness, and may have to work hard to master it. Also, a number of external factors may be used to help effect this change -specific words, ritual patterns, or items such as stones or artifacts which have power in themselves or which serve to put the person “in the right frame of mind” for example. Such external trappings are KEYS which we use to help us effect the shift in consciousness to access our higher self. They work on a symbolic level, bypassing conscious and unconscious limitations to act directly upon the higher self.



There are many different ways by which magic can be performed. All of them have the same basic goal; to focus energy and direct it from a state of higher consciousness. Visualization, trance, spellcraft (using external tools such as candles, cords, etc....), ritual of various sorts, chanting and toning, all of these and many other techniques can be used to create the necessary shift in consciousness. Which is the best way? That depends very much on the individual. What serves one person best may not work at all for another - everyone is different. That is why it is important to study and try as many different techniques as possible, because only you can know what will work best for you, and then only by experience. In these lessons we will present as much useful instruction as possible, and as wide a variety of techniques as possible, but in the end your growth depends upon your willingness to experiment and put together those techniques which serve you best.







PRACTICE



Through magic we influence or control the things around us, therefore it is wise to use magic only to make these things better. The ancient rule of Wicca is “DO AS YOU WILL BUT HARM NONE.” Magic is a great power, and can be a great responsibility, and you do well to use it wisely. Everything you do comes back to you, through KARMA. Every action you take, in time you will also experience from the receiving end. So that when you do something good for another, you are also doing something good for yourself, as you will eventually experience the same good as a recipient. But if you do harm, that same harm you ultimately do to yourself. This is very important to understand and remember. You should bear it in mind in every aspect of your life, including the magic you practice. To do harm is not only wrong in itself, but ultimately hurts the doer.



Moreover most Wiccans believe in the LAW OF THREE, that is to say that what you do comes back to you not only once, but multiple times. Some Wiccans believe that the number Three in the Threefold Law is meant to be taken literally -that the Karma of our actions returns to us exactly three times. In the Correllian Tradition we consider the number Three to be symbolic of plurality in general, rather than a specific number of times. Thus in Correllian terms the Law of Three means that you will experience the Karma of your actions as many times as necessary to learn the necessary lesson.

The Spirit World:



Descriptions by Early Spiritualists



Barbara N. Starr



(mailto:bunny@intrepid.net)



Atlantic University, 2000



Advisor: Douglas G. Richards, Ph.D.



Spiritualism as a religion was at the peak of its popularity in the late 1800s and early 1900s, primarily because mediumship was providing answers to questions about life after death. This study explores the beliefs of the Spiritualists in that time period, and provides their answers to what the spirit world is, how it operates, and how it looks. Early Spiritualists believed the spirit world is divided into various levels and spheres, and each sphere is different, depending on one’s spiritual development and growth. Specifics of physical surroundings, homes, clothing, food, relationships, occupations, education, and religion are discussed.



The information comes primarily from mediums who were communicating with those in the spirit world. Descriptions were often different because not all mediums, nor those with whom they were communicating, interpreted information in the same way. However, there is general agreement on what the spirit world looks like and how it operates.



Copyright© by Barbara N. Starr, 2000. All rights reserved







ACKNOWLEDGMENTS



I gratefully acknowledge the help and advice of Douglas G. Richards, Ph.D., the chairperson of my committee. He gave me prompt feedback and encouragement throughout the process. Henry Reed, Ph.D., also responded immediately and I appreciate his taking the time to read and comment on my thesis. Rev. B. Anne Gehman was particularly helpful in suggesting source material, and graciously allowed me the use of her private library for my research.







CHAPTER I



Introduction



Who are we? Why are we here? What happens when we die? Is there life after death? If so, what is that like? These are perennial questions asked by many, and there are many answers. The question of the continuity of life, or the survival of the personality, is studied by philosophers, teachers, scientists, religious leaders, and people in every walk of life.



In the late 1800s, many people felt they had the answer to this question, and that they had experienced proof of the existence of the personality after death. Spiritualism was at its peak of popularity, and mediumship was providing answers to questions about life after death. Nowadays people trust degrees like a masters in criminal justice or professionals with masters of public administration but back in that time period spiritualism was a popular belief system. This study will explore the beliefs of the Spiritualists in that time period, and provide their answers to what the spirit world is, how it operates, and how it looks. Questions like the following will be answered. Where do we go after the physical body dies? What are our initial experiences like? Where do we live? Do we eat? What kind of clothing do we wear? Do we see people we know? What do we do? What happens to children when they die? What about pets? How does the landscape appear?



The early Spiritualists had answers to all these questions, obtained through mediumship. Some information came from deceased loved ones through a medium to relatives and friends. More detailed descriptions came through from Spiritualists after they passed "through the veil." Sometimes questions were put by researchers to a medium who received answers from sources in the spirit world. Naturally, some information is contradictory. For example, one source may say that food is not necessary; another will say that only fruit is eaten. Reports often vary with the personality that is communicating. This study will consolidate these descriptions, and give a picture of Summerland, or the spirit world, as it appeared to Spiritualists in the late 1800s.



Major religions believe in some form of life after death. Spiritualism carries this one step further, by saying that life after death is a fact, proven by mediumship, or communication with those in the spirit world. As a Spiritualist, I believe that is indeed possible to communicate with those whose physical bodies have died. The personality and soul live on, and sometimes those in spirit can get in touch with those who are still living on the earth plane. Not only have I had experiences myself, I have had contact with many others who have had similar events happen. My reading about evidence for life after death, and that we do indeed live on, has been extensive. There are many anecdotal accounts, and studies undertaken in a scientific manner. This paper is based on my assumption that we do live after death, and there is a spirit world.



Mediumship, or spirit communication, is not always accurate. A good medium is probably right about 70% of the time. Some have an accuracy rate that is closer to 90%; others are often just lucky, and may rely on psychic ability or the reactions of the person they are working with.



There are many factors at work here. The spirit may be new at communicating, and have trouble getting through. He or she may only know what they are experiencing at the time; just because one has died does not make him all knowing. The medium may have his or her own biases, or may not have the words to accurately communicate what the spirit is describing. The medium may simply be tired that day. This study points this out in many instances. There is agreement in general, but specific details of life in the spirit world are often different.



There is a parallel with the study of near death experiences. There are a number of common factors in this kind of experience, but not everyone has them all, and the details vary. The reasons for this are unknown, but in my opinion we all bring our own knowledge, biases, and experiences to what happens. Mediumship is no different.



There is a wide range of perspectives on the issue of spirit communication. At one end are those who believe that there is no God, or creative force, and that when you die, that is the end of everything. At the other end of the spectrum are those who believe that life indeed does go on, in another form, and that it is possible to communicate between the physical and spiritual worlds. Some believe that when the physical body dies, you wait in some form until you are called forth by God, or what is called Judgment Day. Religious beliefs about life after death vary greatly, and could be the subject of another paper.



My purpose is not to convince anyone that there is a spirit world, and that we can communicate with those who are there. It is simply to describe what that spirit world may look like, based on the spirit communications of the writers that lived at the time that Spiritualism was at its height in the late 1800s.



Definitions



Medium - "One whose organism is sensitive to vibrations from the spirit world and through whose instrumentality, intelligences in that world are able to convey messages and produce the phenomena of Spiritualism" (National Spiritualist Association of Churches, 1991, p. 40).



A medium is one who communicates with entities in the spirit world.



Spirit world - The term used by Spiritualists for the dwelling place for those who have died, or left their physical bodies.



Spiritualism - "The science, philosophy and religion of continuous life, based upon the demonstrated fact of communication, by means of mediumship, with those who live in the spirit world" (NSAC, 1991, p.40).



Spiritualist - "One who believes, as the basis of his or her religion, in the communication between this and the spirit world by means of mediumship and who endeavors to mold his or her character in accordance with the highest teachings derived from such communication" (NSAC, 1991, p. 40).



Summerland - A term coined by Andrew Jackson Davis and used by Spiritualists as another word for the spirit world.















CHAPTER II



Spiritualism: History and Philosophy



History



On March 31, 1848 two young girls went to bed early in the family cottage in Hydesville, New York. Rapping had been occurring for the past few weeks in the house, and the Fox family was exhausted. This evening was no different, except this time Katie, the youngest, jumped out of bed and clapped her hands a few times. The raps answered back the same number of times. The girls played this way, then their mother decided to carry this further. She asked the rapper how many children she had. The raps came back correctly, including one child who had died. Then she asked the ages, and again the responses were right. Neighbors came and had similar experiences. Eventually, they discovered that the rapper was the spirit of a peddler named Charles B. Rosna, and that he had been murdered for his goods, worth about $500. He said a previous tenant of the cottage had done it, and buried him in the cellar. Digging in the cellar at a later time uncovered bones, hair, and a peddler's tin cup.



The discovery that it was possible to communicate with spirits, or those who had died, was the beginning of modern American Spiritualism. The rappings encouraged the sisters to begin public meetings, saying their work had only begun. Communications and manifestations came rapidly, and were more orderly. Katie and Maggie were joined by their older sister Leah, and in November 1849 they gave their first public demonstration in the largest hall in Rochester, New York. Interest in the phenomenon spread rapidly, and many celebrities came to see them and to receive messages from the spirit world. Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, was one of their early supporters.



The Fox sisters continued their demonstrations until the early 1890s in spite of being accused of fraud, trickery, ventriloquism, and cracking their joints. They were studied by eminent scientists, but were also subjected to humiliating experiences by investigators. Both Maggie and Katie had extensive personal and financial problems, and became alcoholic. At one point Maggie denounced Spiritualism, and said the raps were produced by cracking the knee joints. A year later, however, she retracted this and blamed her personal situation and the influence of those who did not believe in spiritualistic phenomena. Katie died in 1892, and Maggie followed a year later, just before the first meeting of the National Spiritualist Association.



The Fox sisters' mediumship was the beginning of a widespread interest in Spiritualism and its phenomena. According to Lindgren (1994), there were more than ten million followers of Spiritualism in the latter half of the 1800s. The number of physical and mental mediums continued to grow, in England as well as the United States. Physical mediums produced a variety of phenomena, for example:



- teleportation - the moving of an object for one place to another



- apports - the producing of an object out of thin air



- levitation - the rising of an object, such as a table, or a person



- rappings - such as those heard by the Fox sisters



- automatic writing and painting - written messages or works of art produced by the writer or artist simply holding a pen or brush



- materialization - the method by which a substance called ectoplasm is produced from a medium and then forms into a recognizable spirit.



The most famous physical medium was Daniel D. Home (1833-1886). His manifestations included levitating massive tables, the playing of an accordion in a wire cage with no visible hands, teleportation, and levitating himself out of a third story window, and back in another window. He was studied extensively by scientists of the time, most notably Sir William Crookes. Although physical mediumship can be, and often was, fraudulent, Home was never found to be so.



There were thousands of people practicing mental mediumship in the late 1800s. Mental mediums communicated with the spirit world usually by holding seances. Unlike Home, whose manifestations were produced in daylight, most mental mediums performed in darkened conditions. Messages were given, through the medium, from those in the spirit world to those present. Many people were absolutely convinced of their authenticity, and felt that information was given that was unkown to anyone but themselves. Again, there was opportunity for fraud, but many investigated mediums were found to be genuine.



Spiritualists, convinced that there is indeed life after death, were prominent in social reform movements of the time. Braude (1989) parallels the Spiritualist movement with that of women's rights. She credits the mediums who spoke in public, an activity previously open only to men, with paving the way for the speakers of the women's suffrage movement. Spiritualists were also active in children's rights, health and labor reforms, religious freedom, and the abolition of slavery. In fact, Abraham Lincoln admitted that he was led to sign the emancipation proclamation under the guidance of spirit through the mediumship of Nellie Maynard. (Grumbine, 1917).



Spiritualism as a movement began to decline in the early 1900s, especially in the United States. Presently, the National Spiritualist Association of Churches has just over 100 churches, with a total of about 3,000 members. There are several other Spiritualist organizations and independent churches, but they are smaller in number.



Philosophy



The National Spiritualist Association of Churches (1991) defines Spiritualism as "the science, philosophy and religion of continuous life, based upon the demonstrated fact of communication, by means of mediumship, with those who live in the spirit world." The Spiritualist Manual gives these further definitions:



"Spiritualism is a science because it investigates, analyzes and classifies facts and manifestations demonstrated from the spirit side of life."



"Spiritualism is a philosophy because it studies the laws of nature both on the seen and unseen sides of life and bases its conclusions upon present observed facts. It accepts statements of observed facts of past ages and conclusions drawn therefrom, when sustained by reason and by results of observed facts of the present day.

"Spiritualism is a religion because it strives to understand and to comply with the physical, mental and spiritual laws of nature, which are the laws of God."



Spiritualist phenomena have been investigated by eminent scientists, most notably Sir William Crookes and Sir Oliver Lodge in the late 1800s and early 1900s. F. W. H. Myers published Human personality and its survival of bodily death in 1901, and there were other volumes of massive anecdotal evidence at that time. The problem, of course, is that to be truly scientific, evidence must be repeatable. Spiritualism as a religion does not sponsor scientific studies at the present time, but other investigations have taken place. The remote viewing projects done at the Stanford Research Institute and with the Central Intelligence Agency have made recent news (May, 1996). There is also currently a project at the University of Arizona Medical School Department of Psychiatry that is studying well-known mediums (B. A. Gehman, personal communication, May 4, 2000).



Spiritualism is not a Christian religion, although most of its members come from a Judeo-Christian background. Main tenets are beliefs in God, or Infinite Intelligence, natural law, the Golden Rule, personal responsibility, the continuation of the existence and personality of the individual after physical death, and that communication with the spirit world is a fact. Jesus, along with Buddha, Mohammad, and others, is considered to be a master teacher and healer. Each individual is responsible for how he leads his life; salvation does not depend on accepting Jesus, or anyone else, as a "savior".



This paper is based upon the belief that communication with spirit world is possible, and that life after physical death has been described by mediums working with those who have left this world.



CHAPTER III



Forerunners: Descriptions by Swedenborg and Davis



Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772)



Early Spiritualist views on the spirit world derived in large part from the visions and writings