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Mos, Moris04:36 Jul 16 2023
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Ethics: That branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such action.
Ethics May be described as: The branch of philosophy concerned with the intent, means, and consequences of moral behavior.
“Ethics” is derived from the Greek Word: “Ethos”
Referring to a person’s fundamental orientation toward life or “Inner Character”
The Latin Translation is “Mos, Moris”.
This gave rise to the term “Moral”.
Basically Synonymous with Ethical.
Moral: Refers to the customs, values, and standards of practice of a group, age, or theory intended to be timeless.
Aristotle:
Most Influential Philosopher Shaping Secular Ethics
Believed That Every Type of Animal has a Common Essence or Nature, and That Human Beings are Essentially, or by Nature, Rational.
He believed that this Rationality was What Distinguished Humans from other Creatures.
He Taught that the Good Person is the One who Lives Most Rationally and Whose Moral Judgments and Social Conduct are born of Contemplation and Reason.
This is in Contrast to Judgements and Conduct Born of Spontaneity and Emotionality.
Taught Ethics of “Moderation”
Considered to be the Ethical Ideal
Code of Ethics:
A Declaration or Public Statement of Professional Standards of Right or Wrong Conduct.
Medicine bases their professional practice on the "Hippocratic Oath".
Law bases its practice on the “Ethic of Justice”.
Funeral Directors and Embalmer's basic ethic practice can be referred to as “Reverence for the Dead”.
The funeral practitioner is entrusted with caring for the deceased and serving families and the community.
TYPES OF ETHICS
As a means of understanding a larger view of ethical theory, we will subdivide ethical theory into Normative Ethics and Meta-Ethics. Normative ethics is the development of moral standards of conduct, whereas Meta-ethics is the study and evaluation of these standards of conduct.
Normative ethics can itself be subdivided into Teleological Ethics and Deontological Ethics. Teleological theory maintains that the morality of an action is determined solely by its outcomes or consequences; this is also known as consequentialism. Deontological Theory maintains that the morality of an action is determined by its motives or in accordance with some rule. This is also known as non- consequentialism.
A subcategory of Teleological ethics is Utilitarianism. This theory maintains that the morally right decision is the one that produces the most good for the largest number of people.
Normative Ethics
Formulating moral standards of conduct.
Non-Consequentialist - Deontological
The morality of an action is determined by its motives or in accordance with some rules.
Consequentialist - Teleological
The morality of an action is determined solely by its consequences.
Utilitarianism
The morally correct action is the one which produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Virtue Ethics is a broad term for theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue rather than either doing one’s duty or acting to bring about good consequences.
Virtue ethics theories take their inspiration from Aristotle who declared that a virtuous person is someone who has ideal character traits. These traits derive from natural internal tendencies, but need to be nurtured; once established, they will become stable. For example, a virtuous person is kind across many situations over a lifetime because that is their character and not because they want to maximize utility or gain favors - do their duty. Unlike Non-Consequentialist – Deontological or Consequentialist - Teleological theories, theories of Virtue Ethics do not aim primarily to identify universal principles that can be applied in any moral situation - Virtue Ethics theory deals with wider questions such as “How should I live?” and “What is the good life?” and “What are proper family and social values?”
ABSOLUTISM vs. RELATIVISM
The question of the value or the sanctity of the human body and how it should be treated is an important aspect of our ethical inquiry into funeral service. If we explore two of the many ethical theories, ABSOLUTISM and RELATIVISM, regarding what should be done with dead bodies, we'll begin to see the complexity in deciding on what actions are ethical or not. The ethical questions to be considered in our exploration are: Is an action right or wrong in relation to certain conditions or is it right or wrong independently of any conditions? Are the rules always the same or do they change with social and individual needs, customs, and historical evolution?
ABSOLUTISM - An action is right or wrong because a higher authority of some kind says it is. The determination is absolute regardless of the situation. There is no uncertainty due to changing circumstances or events. This theory is one often found in religious beliefs.
Example#1: Killing another person is wrong even if it was while protecting your own life or the lives of others. Killing is wrong, period.
Example #2: Every dead body is deserving of respectful treatment, regardless of who they were.
RELATIVISM -There is no one correct moral standard for all times and all people. Each group has its own morality relative to its wants, needs, culture, history, or to a change in a situation, event, or circumstance.
Example #1: Killing is wrong unless it is necessary to protect your own or someone else's life.
Example #2: A dead body is deserving of respectful treatment unless it was an evil person.
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