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Types of Ethics07:07 Jul 12 2023
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As a means of understanding a larger view of ethical theory, we will subdivide ethical theory into Normative Ethics and Meta-Ethics. Normative Ethics is the development of moral standards of conduct, whereas Meta-Ethics is the study and evaluation of these standards of conduct.
Normative ethics can itself be subdivided into Teleological Ethics and Deontological Ethics. Teleological Ethics maintains that the morality of an action is determined solely by its outcomes or consequences; this is also known as consequentialism.
Deontological Ethics maintains that the morality of an action is determined by its motives or in accordance with some rule.
This is also known as non-consequentialism. A subcategory of Teleological ethics is Utilitarianism. This theory maintains that the morally right decision is the one that produces the most good for the largest number of people.
Normative Ethic
Formulating moral standards of conduct.
Non-Consequentialist - Deontological
The morality of an action is determined by its motives or in accordance with some rules.
Consequentialist - Teleological
The morality of an action is determined solely by its consequences.
Utilitarianism
The morally correct action is the one which produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Virtue Ethics is a broad term for theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue rather than either doing one’s duty or acting to bring about good consequences. Virtue ethics theories take their inspiration from Aristotle who declared that a virtuous person is someone who has ideal character traits. These traits derive from natural internal tendencies, but need to be nurtured; once established, they will become stable. For example, a virtuous person is kind across many situations over a lifetime because that is their character and not because they want to maximize utility or gain favors - do their duty. Unlike Non-Consequentialist – Deontological or Consequentialist - Teleological theories, theories of Virtue Ethics do not aim primarily to identify universal principles that can be applied in any moral situation - Virtue Ethics theory deals with wider questions such as “How should I live?” and “What is the good life?” and “What are proper family and social values?”
ABSOLUTISM vs. RELATIVISM
The question of the value or the sanctity of the human body and how it should be treated is an important aspect of our ethical inquiry into funeral service. If we explore two of the many ethical theories, ABSOLUTISM and RELATIVISM, regarding what should be done with dead bodies, we'll begin to see the complexity in deciding on what actions are ethical or not. The ethical questions to be considered in our exploration are: Is an action right or wrong in relation to certain conditions or is it right or wrong independently of any conditions? Are the rules always the same or do they change with social and individual needs, customs, and historical evolution?
ABSOLUTISM - An action is right or wrong because a higher authority of some kind says it is. The determination is absolute regardless of the situation. There is no uncertainty due to changing circumstances or events. This theory is one often found in religious beliefs.
RELATIVISM - There is no one correct moral standard for all times and all people. Each group has its own morality relative to its wants, needs, culture, history, or to a change in a situation, event, or circumstance.
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