The Ultimate Vampire Resource and Directory

A. Structure of a plasma membrane (cell membrane)



1. describe the structure of the plasma membrane

consists of phospholipids and proteins

2. fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane

when the proteins in the membrane are not in a rigid pattern so they float around



3. phospholipid molecules (bilayer)

hydrophilic end

attracted to water

in contact with water



hydrophobic ends

repels water

faces water but does not touch



4. proteins embedded in phospholipids bilayer

cell surface marker proteins

identify cells to other cells

enable immune system to distinguish the difference between good cells and invading cells



channel (transport) proteins

shipping and receiving- move materials in and out of cell

can act as pores or pumps- pores to let things diffuse through membrane and pumps to pull molecules across membrane



receptor proteins

allow cells to interact with other cells

allow cells to respond to outside things in different ways

The Russian Revolution

1801-1930



Revolution

- a sudden, radical, or complete change

- a fundamental change in political organization, esp. the overthrow or renunciation of one government or ruler and the substitution of another by the governed

- activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation



Russia in the 19th Century (Czars of Romanov dynasty)

- Alexander I

- Nicholas I

- Alexander II

- Alexander III



Repression

- a state of forcible subjugation

- the act of repressing; control by holding down

- putting down by force, usually before total control has been lost; quell



Reform

- A change for the better; an improvement

o Correction of evils, abuses, or errors

o Action to improve social or economic conditions without radical or revolutionary change



Alexander I

- his father, Paul, son of Catherine, was murdered in 1801

- Enlightened despot- talked about

o Freeing the serfs

o Building school for all young Russians

o Giving up throne-Russia a republic

- Did free political prisoners

- Spread western ways and ideas

- Led Russia in war with France (Napoleon’s invasion)

- Represented Russia at Congress of Vienna

- 1816- many young aristocrats became revolutionaries

- Officers had experienced liberal ideas of revolutionary France

- Formed secret groups even in the officer corps

- Wrote constitutions

- Prepared to revolt

- Wanted (many groups- no agreement)

o Constitutional czardom

o Republic

o Emancipation of serfs



Decembrist revolt

- Alexander died suddenly in 1825

- Constantine or Nicholas (brothers)

- Radical officers wanted Constantine (amenable to reform)

- December- revolutionaries took action

- 3,000 soldiers and officers gathered in Senate Square

- Constantine and Constitution (his wife)

- Government troops arrived

- Revolutionaries fired a few shots

- Government cannon ended the revolt

- First manifestation of revolutionary movement

- (Nicholas I becomes Czar)



Nicholas I 1825-1855

- Revolt deeply impressed and frightened Nicholas

- Clamped repression down more firmly

- Executed five of the leaders of revolt

- Sent others to exile in Siberia or to prison

- Removed aristocrats, whom he now distrusted, from government office

- Replaced them with professional military men (he had been officer)

- Tightened his control

o Press-canonship

o Education- controlled universities

- reduced travel outside of Russia

- Prohibited organizations that might have political influence

- No anti-government activity

- Established 6 special departments

o Secret police system

o Handled economic/political matters

o Avoided regular processes of government

o Increased control over Russian life

- Russification- demanded loyalty to

o Czar

o Eastern Orthodox Church

o Russian nation

- Reforms

o Modern law codes

o Improvement for peasants living on state land

o Built Russia’s first railroads

o Nicholas died in 1855 during the Crimean War



Alexander II (most important reformer) - “Czar Liberator”

- Lesson of the Crimean War- Russia had to catch up with the West to remain a power

- Program of reform to strengthen the economy and Russian life

- Serfdom

o Bound to person, not land

o Could not leave without permission

o Retained civil rights

- Emancipation in 1861

- Pressure from

o Nobles who felt guilty

o Factory owners

o Enlightened state bureaucrats

- Distributed land

o Could by small tracts (high price)

o Usually had to rent more (high rents)

- Developed railroads

- Organized a banking system

- Reforms an education

- Reduced control on the press- eased censorship



- Judicial Reforms

o Jury system

o Civil and criminal cases had been tried in secret by administrative officials

o Political trials still held in secret



Zemstovs

- Self-government in towns and villages

- Provincial representative assembles of nobles and elected delegates

o Local taxes

o Health, schools, assistance for poor

o Public works

7.3 Cell Boundaries



 Cell Membrane

o Functions:

 Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

 Provides protection and support

o Composed of a double-layered sheet called a lipid bilayer

 Gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong layer between a cell and its surroundings.

o Also contain protein molecules that are embedded in the lipid bilayer

 Carbohydrate molecules are attached to some protein molecules.

• Carbohydrates act as chemical ID cards that allow individual cells to identify each other.

 Some proteins form channels to help to move material across the cell membrane

 Cell Walls

o Lie outside the cell membrane

o Porous  allow most substances to pass through it freely

o The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection for the cell

o Made from fibers of carbohydrates and protein

 Plant cells are mostly cellulose

 Diffusion through cell boundaries

o One of the most important functions of the cell membrane is to regulate the movement of dissolved molecules from the liquid on one side of the membrane to the liquid on the other side.

o The concentration of a solution is the mass of a solute in a given volume of a solution, or mass/volume.

o Diffusion – process by which particles in a solution move from an area of more concentration to an area of less concentration.

o Equilibrium – state of the solution when the concentration is the same throughout a system

o Because diffusion depends upon random particle movements, substances diffuse across membranes without requiring the cell to use energy.

 Osmosis

o A membrane is impermeable to substances that cannot pass through it, and it is permeable to substances that can pass through it.

o Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

o Isotonic = “same strength”

o Hypertonic = “above strength”

o Hypotonic = “below strength”

o